Dit artikel gaat in op het onderwerp Isotopen van zilver, dat de afgelopen jaren voor grote belangstelling en discussie heeft gezorgd. Isotopen van zilver is een onderwerp dat de aandacht heeft getrokken van mensen van verschillende leeftijden, geslachten en culturen, vanwege de relevantie ervan vandaag de dag. In dit artikel zullen verschillende aspecten met betrekking tot Isotopen van zilver worden onderzocht, van de oorsprong en evolutie ervan tot de impact ervan op de samenleving en het leven van mensen. Verschillende gezichtspunten, recent onderzoek en relevante getuigenissen zullen worden geanalyseerd om een alomvattend beeld te geven van Isotopen van zilver en het belang ervan vandaag de dag.
Het chemisch element zilver (Ag), met een atoommassa van 107,8682(2) u, bezit 2 stabiele isotopen: 107Ag en 109Ag, waarvan de eerste het meest abundant is (ongeveer 52%). Beide stabiele zilverisotopen zouden in staat zijn spontane splijting te ondergaan. De overige 28 radio-isotopen zijn onstabiel en hebben een relatief korte halveringstijd (de meeste minder dan een seconde).
De kortstlevende isotoop van zilver is 93Ag, met een halfwaardetijd van ongeveer 5 milliseconden. De langstlevende is 105Ag, met een halfwaardetijd van 41,29 dagen.
Nuclide | Z (p) | N (n) | Isotopische massa (u) | Halveringstijd | Radioactief verval | VP | Kernspin | Isotopische verhouding (molfractie) |
Natuurlijk voorkomen (molfractie) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Excitatie-energie | |||||||||
93Ag | 47 | 46 | 92,94978(64) | 5 ms | 9/2+ | ||||
94Ag | 47 | 47 | 93,94278(54) | 37(18) ms | β+ | 94Pd | 0+ | ||
94m1Ag | 1350(400) keV | 422(16) ms | β+ (> 99,9%) | 94Pd | (7+) | ||||
β+, p (< 0,1%) | 93Rh | ||||||||
94m2Ag | 6500(2000) keV | 300(200) ms | (21+) | ||||||
95Ag | 47 | 48 | 94,93548(43) | 1,74(13) s | β+ (> 99,9%) | 95Pd | (9/2+) | ||
β+, p (< 0,1%) | 94Rh | ||||||||
95m1Ag | 344,2(3) keV | < 0,5 s | (1/2−) | ||||||
95m2Ag | 2531(1) keV | < 16 ms | (23/2+) | ||||||
95m3Ag | 4859(1) keV | < 40 ms | (37/2+) | ||||||
96Ag | 47 | 49 | 95,93068(43) | 4,45(4) s | β+ (96,3%) | 96Pd | (8+) | ||
β+, p (3,7%) | 95Rh | ||||||||
96m1Ag | 0(50) keV | 6,9(6) s | (2+) | ||||||
96m2Ag | 700(200) ns | ||||||||
97Ag | 47 | 50 | 96,92397(35) | 25,3(3) s | β+ | 97Pd | (9/2+) | ||
97mAg | 2343(49) keV | 5 ns | (21/2+) | ||||||
98Ag | 47 | 51 | 97,92157(7) | 47,5(3) s | β+ (99,99%) | 98Pd | (5+) | ||
β+, p (0,0012%) | 97Rh | ||||||||
98mAg | 167,83(15) keV | 220(20) ns | (3+) | ||||||
99Ag | 47 | 52 | 98,91760(16) | 124(3) s | β+ | 99Pd | 9/2+ | ||
99mAg | 506,1(4) keV | 10,5(5) s | IT | 99Ag | (1/2−) | ||||
100Ag | 47 | 53 | 99,91610(8) | 2,01(9) min | β+ | 100Pd | 5+ | ||
100mAg | 15,52(16) keV | 2,24(13) min | IT | 100Ag | (2)+ | ||||
β+ | 100Pd | ||||||||
101Ag | 47 | 54 | 100,91280(11) | 11,1(3) min | β+ | 101Pd | 9/2+ | ||
101mAg | 274,1(3) keV | 3,10(10) s | IT | 101Ag | 1/2− | ||||
102Ag | 47 | 55 | 101,91169(3) | 12,9(3) min | β+ | 102Pd | 5+ | ||
102mAg | 9,3(4) keV | 7,7(5) min | β+ (51%) | 102Pd | 2+ | ||||
IT (49%) | 102Ag | ||||||||
103Ag | 47 | 56 | 102,908973(18) | 65,7(7) min | β+ | 103Pd | 7/2+ | ||
103mAg | 134,45(4) keV | 5,7(3) s | IT | 103Ag | 1/2− | ||||
104Ag | 47 | 57 | 103,908629(6) | 69,2(10) min | β+ | 104Pd | 5+ | ||
104mAg | 6,9(4) keV | 33,5(20) min | β+ (99,93%) | 104Pd | 2+ | ||||
IT (0,07%) | 104Ag | ||||||||
105Ag | 47 | 58 | 104,906529(12) | 41,29(7) dagen | β+ | 105Pd | 1/2− | ||
105mAg | 25,465(12) keV | 7,23(16) min | IT (99,66%) | 105Ag | 7/2+ | ||||
β+ (0,34%) | 105Pd | ||||||||
106Ag | 47 | 59 | 105,906669(5) | 23,96(4) min | β+ (99,5%) | 106Pd | 1+ | ||
β− (0,5%) | 106Cd | ||||||||
106mAg | 89,66(7) keV | 8,28(2) dagen | β+ | 106Pd | 6+ | ||||
IT (4,16 × 10−6%) | 106Ag | ||||||||
107Ag | 47 | 60 | 106,905097(5) | stabiel | 1/2− | 0,51839(8) | |||
107mAg | 93,125(19) keV | 44,3(2) s | IT | 107Ag | 7/2+ | ||||
108Ag | 47 | 61 | 107,905956(5) | 2,37(1) min | β− (97,15%) | 108Cd | 1+ | ||
β+ (2,85%) | 108Pd | ||||||||
108mAg | 109,440(7) keV | 418(21) jaar | β+ (91,3%) | 108Pd | 6+ | ||||
IT (8,96%) | 108Ag | ||||||||
109Ag | 47 | 62 | 108,904752(3) | stabiel | 1/2- | 0,48161(8) | |||
109mAg | 88,0341(11) keV | 39,6(2) s | IT | 109Ag | 7/2+ | ||||
110Ag | 47 | 63 | 109,906107(3) | 24,6(2) s | β− (99,7%) | 110Cd | 1+ | ||
EV (0,3%) | 110Pd | ||||||||
110m1Ag | 1,113 keV | 660(40) ns | 2− | ||||||
110m2Ag | 117,59(5) keV | 249,950(24) dagen | β− (98,64%) | 110Cd | 6+ | ||||
IT (1,36%) | 110Ag | ||||||||
111Ag | 47 | 64 | 110,905291(3) | 7,45(1) dagen | β− | 111Cd | 1/2− | ||
111mAg | 59,82(4) keV | 64,8(8) s | IT (99,3%) | 111Ag | 7/2+ | ||||
β− (0,7%) | 111Cd | ||||||||
112Ag | 47 | 65 | 111,907005(18) | 3,130(9) uur | β− | 112Cd | 2− | ||
113Ag | 47 | 66 | 112,906567(18) | 5,37(5) uur | β− | 113mCd | 1/2− | ||
113mAg | 43,50(10) keV | 68,7(16) s | IT (64%) | 113Ag | 7/2+ | ||||
β− (36%) | 113Cd | ||||||||
114Ag | 47 | 67 | 113,908804(27) | 4,6(1) s | β− | 114Cd | 1+ | ||
114mAg | 199(5) keV | 1,50(5) ms | IT | 114Ag | (< 7+) | ||||
115Ag | 47 | 68 | 114,90876(4) | 20,0(5) min | β− | 115mCd | 1/2− | ||
115mAg | 41,16(10) keV | 18,0(7) s | β− (79%) | 115Cd | 7/2+ | ||||
IT (21%) | 115Ag | ||||||||
116Ag | 47 | 69 | 115,91136(5) | 2,68(10) min | β− | 116Cd | 2− | ||
116mAg | 81,90(20) keV | 8,6(3) s | β− (94%) | 116Cd | (5+) | ||||
IT (6%) | 116Ag | ||||||||
117Ag | 47 | 70 | 116,91168(5) | 73,6(14) s | β− | 117mCd | 1/2− | ||
117mAg | 28,6(2) keV | 5,34(5) s | β− (94%) | 117mCd | (7/2+) | ||||
IT (6%) | 117Ag | ||||||||
118Ag | 47 | 71 | 117,91458(7) | 3,76(15) s | β− | 118Cd | 1− | ||
118m1Ag | 45,79(9) keV | ± 0,1 µs | 0− tot 2− | ||||||
118m2Ag | 127,49(5) keV | 2,0(2) s | β− (59%) | 118Cd | 4+ | ||||
IT (41%) | 118Ag | ||||||||
118m3Ag | 279,37(20) keV | ± 0,1 µs | (2+, 3+) | ||||||
119Ag | 47 | 72 | 118,91567(10) | 6,0(5) s | β− | 119mCd | 1/2− | ||
119mAg | 20(20) keV | 2,1(1) s | β− | 119Cd | 7/2+ | ||||
120Ag | 47 | 73 | 119,91879(8) | 1,23(4) s | β− (99,99%) | 120Cd | 3+ | ||
β−, n (0,003%) | 119Cd | ||||||||
120mAg | 203,0(10) keV | 371(24) ms | β− (63%) | 120Cd | 6− | ||||
IT (37%) | 120Ag | ||||||||
121Ag | 47 | 74 | 120,91985(16) | 0,79(2) s | β− (99,92%) | 121Cd | (7/2+) | ||
β−, n (0,076%) | 120Cd | ||||||||
122Ag | 47 | 75 | 121,92353(22) | 0,529(13) s | β− (> 99,9%) | 122Cd | (3+) | ||
β−, n (< 0,1%) | 121Cd | ||||||||
122mAg | 80(50) keV | 1,5(5) s | β− (> 99,9%) | 122Cd | 8− | ||||
β−, n (< 0,1%) | 121Cd | ||||||||
123Ag | 47 | 76 | 122,92490(22) | 0,300(5) s | β− (99,45%) | 123Cd | (7/2+) | ||
β−, n (0,549%) | 122Cd | ||||||||
124Ag | 47 | 77 | 123,92864(21) | 172(5) ms | β− (99,9%) | 124Cd | 3+ | ||
β−, n (0,1%) | 123Cd | ||||||||
124mAg | 0(100) keV | 200 ms | β− | 124Cd | 8− | ||||
IT | 124Ag | ||||||||
125Ag | 47 | 78 | 124,93043(32) | 166(7) ms | β− (> 99,9%) | 125Cd | (7/2+) | ||
β−, n (< 0,1%) | 124Cd | ||||||||
126Ag | 47 | 79 | 125,93450(32) | 107(12) ms | β− (> 99,9%) | 126Cd | 3+ | ||
β−, n (< 0,1%) | 125Cd | ||||||||
127Ag | 47 | 80 | 126,93677(32) | 79(3) ms | β− (> 99,9%) | 127Cd | 7/2+ | ||
β−, n (< 0,1%) | 126Cd | ||||||||
128Ag | 47 | 81 | 127,94117(32) | 58(5) ms | |||||
129Ag | 47 | 82 | 128,94369(43) | 44(7) ms | 7/2+ | ||||
129mAg | 0(200) keV | ± 160 ms | 1/2− | ||||||
130Ag | 47 | 83 | 129,95045(36) | ± 50 ms | 0+ |
1 | 18 | |||||||||||||||||
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1 | H | 2 | Periodiek systeem | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | He | |||||||||
2 | Li | Be | De links verwijzen naar isotopen per element | B | C | N | O | F | Ne | |||||||||
3 | Na | Mg | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | Al | Si | P | S | Cl | Ar |
4 | K | Ca | Sc | Ti | V | Cr | Mn | Fe | Co | Ni | Cu | Zn | Ga | Ge | As | Se | Br | Kr |
5 | Rb | Sr | Y | Zr | Nb | Mo | Tc | Ru | Rh | Pd | Ag | Cd | In | Sn | Sb | Te | I | Xe |
6 | Cs | Ba | ↓ | Hf | Ta | W | Re | Os | Ir | Pt | Au | Hg | Tl | Pb | Bi | Po | At | Rn |
7 | Fr | Ra | ↓↓ | Rf | Db | Sg | Bh | Hs | Mt | Ds | Rg | Cn | Nh | Fl | Mc | Lv | Ts | Og |
Lanthaniden | La | Ce | Pr | Nd | Pm | Sm | Eu | Gd | Tb | Dy | Ho | Er | Tm | Yb | Lu | |||
Actiniden | Ac | Th | Pa | U | Np | Pu | Am | Cm | Bk | Cf | Es | Fm | Md | No | Lr |